Cervical cancer is a significant health concern for women worldwide. It is primarily caused by persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV). Here’s how it develops:
Infection and Integration: hrHPV infects metaplastic cells at the cervical transformation zone and integrates into the host genome. This integration leads to inactivation of tumor suppressor genes (p53 and Rb), cell proliferation, and accumulation of mutations.
Susceptibility Factors: Genetic predisposition, hormonal factors, host immune response, and cigarette smoking increase susceptibility to hrHPV infection1.
Tests for Cervical Cancer:
Early detection and prevention are crucial. Here are the essential tests:
Pap Smear (Pap Test):
A Pap smear screens for abnormal cervical cells. It involves collecting cells from the cervix and examining them under a microscope.
Regular Pap smears can detect pre-cancerous changes (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia or CIN) before they progress to cancer. 2. HPV Testing:
HPV testing identifies the presence of high-risk HPV strains.
It can be done alongside a Pap smear or as a standalone test.
Protection Through Vaccination:
Vaccination against HPV is a powerful preventive measure:
Who Should Get Vaccinated?:
Girls aged 9–14 years should receive the HPV vaccine before becoming sexually active.
For girls and women aged 9–45 years, the vaccination protocol is as follows:
Initial Doses:
Ages 9–14: Two doses of the HPV vaccine.
Ages 15 and older: Three doses of the HPV vaccine.
Effectiveness:
Clear evidence from randomized trials and population-based studies shows that HPV vaccination reduces the incidence of cervical pre-cancer.
This reduction suggests that the vaccine also lowers the incidence of cervical cancer.
Screening and Vaccination:
While vaccination is essential, regular cervical cancer screening (Pap smears) remains crucial.
The vaccine does not protect against all types of cervical cancer, so screening helps detect any abnormalities early.
Global Efforts:
Efforts to improve HPV vaccine coverage are vital, especially in low and middle-income countries where disease burden is high.
Strategies include increasing vaccine availability, school-based delivery, single-dose schedules, and vaccines that don’t require refrigeration.
Remember, the near elimination of cervical cancer is achievable through increased HPV vaccination uptake and efforts to enhance screening, especially to reduce disparities worldwide. Let’s prioritize prevention and empower women’s health 🌸 Have questions about Cervical Cancer? The Valley of Flower Women's Clinic is here to help. Book your appointment and get the expert guidance you deserve. [Book Your Appointment Now]
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